Pictionary

Cartoon

Wildlife Show

Flippers

Helmet

Thriller

Carve

Skycraper

Cabin

Jazz

Cruise

Prision

Gramar: -ing Form

The –ing form can be used like a noun, like an adjective or like a verb.

• Smoking is forbidden.
• I have a long working day.
• I don't like dancing.

When it is used like a noun it may or may not have an article before it.

• Marketing is a very inexact science.
• The marketing of the product will continue for a few months yet.

It can also be part of a 'noun phrase'.

• Speaking to an audience is always stressful.
• Swimming after work is very relaxing.

In formal English, we would use a possessive with the –ing form. In informal English, many people do not.

• I'm angry about his missing the meeting.
• Do you mind my coming?

As an adjective, the –ing form can be used before a noun.

• I was met by a welcoming party at the airport.
• Let's go to the meeting room.

The –ing form is used after prepositions.

• Before leaving, you need to speak to Sarah.
• After discussing it with her, I've changed my mind.
• Instead of feeling sorry for yourself, do some work for charity.

Notice that when 'to' is used as a preposition, it is followed by the –ing form.

• I don't object to working this Sunday.
• I'm looking forward to seeing him again.
• I'm used to working long hours.

There are many verb + -ing combinations. Here are some common ones:

• I admit telling her.
• I appreciate having the raise.
• I avoid speaking to him.
• I consider blowing your nose in public to be wrong.
• I delayed coming until the last possible moment.
• He denied telling her.
• I detest going to parties.
• I enjoy dancing.
• I feel like having a party.
• I've finished writing the report.
• I've given up going to the gym.
• I can't help thinking about it.
• I can't imagine ever leaving this company.
• I don't mind doing that.
• He put off talking to her as long as he could.
• I can't stand drinking beer.

Some verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or –ing form but with different meanings. Here are some common ones:

• I stopped smoking last month. (I no longer smoke.)
• I stopped to smoke a cigarette. (I stopped what I was doing and had a cigarette.)
• I remember telling him. (A memory of the past.)
• I must remember to tell him. (Something to remember for the future.)
• I'm interested in finding out more details. (Interested about the future.)
• I was interested to read his report. (Interested in the past.)

Gramar: to-infinitive

We use to-infinitive

• to express purpose. She went to the newsstand to buy a paper.
• after would like, would prefer, would love. I'd like to see a movie on the weekend.
• after too/enough. It's too hot to work.
• after ask, decide, explain, want, hope, promise, expect, refuse, etc. She wants to hang out at the mall.

We use the infinite without to

• after modal verbs. Sally can dance really well.
• after the verbs let, make. Let me give you my number.
• after would rather. I'd rather order take out than cook tonight.

Gramar: Like/As

As and like are often confused since they are both used to compare actions or situations. There are, however, important differences.

As

We use as to talk about job or function. 

• I worked as a shop assistant for 2 years when I was a student.
• He used his shoe as a hammer to hang the picture up.

In comparisons, the structure ‘as adjective as’ is often used.

• He’s not as tall as his brother
• She ran as fast as she could.

In the following comparisons as is a conjunction – it’s followed by a clause with a subject and a verb.

• He went to Cambridge University, as his father had before him.
• She’s a talented writer, as most of her family are.

Like

In the following comparisons, like is a preposition and it’s followed by a noun or a pronoun.

• I’ve been working like a dog all afternoon.
• None of my brothers are much like me.
• She looks just like her mother.

Like and As if/As though

Like, as if and as though can all be used to make comparisons. There is no difference in meaning among the 3 forms.

• You look as if you’ve seen a ghost.
• You talk as though we’re never going to see each other again.
• It looks like it’s going to rain.

Expressions with ‘as’

The following expressions all use as.

• As you know, classes restart on January 15th.
• I tried using salt as you suggested but the stain still didn’t come out.
• As we agreed the company will be split 50/50 between us.
• Their house is the same as ours.

Grammar: Present perfect simple (Affirmative & Negative).

Form of the Present Perfect

We form the Present Perfect with have and the past participle 
(regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs)

have/has + past participle

has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it)

have: all other forms

past participle:
- regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs

---

Affirmative sentences

regular verbs	irregular verbs
I/we/you/they have opened the window.	I/we/you/they have gone to the supermarket.
He/she/it has opened the window.	He/she/it has gone to the supermarket.

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

---

Negative sentences

regular verbs	irregular verbs
I/we/you/they have not opened the window.	I/we/you/they have not gone to the supermarket.
He/she/it has not opened the window.	He/she/it has not gone to the supermarket.

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

---

Questions

regular verbs	irregular verbs
Have I/we/you/they opened the window?	Have I/we/you/they gone to the supermarket?
Has he/she/it opened the window?	Has he/she/it gone to the supermarket?

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).